By 1944, the war wasn’t going well for Hitler and his military. In fact, a year earlier, people began reaching the conclusion that Germany might eventually lose the war. How was it that within less than five years after conquering almost all of Europe that Hitler’s armies, navy, and air force were on a downward spiral toward defeat? There were many reasons including what historians now chalk up to the Führer’s military decisions that were huge strategic mistakes. However, during the early years of World War II, it seemed as though the German juggernaut was invincible and leading the pack was Hermann Göring’s Luftwaffe (i.e., the German air force).
Göring was so confident of his pilots and planes and their supremacy in the sky that he vowed Germany would never be bombed. Addressing the Luftwaffe when the German air force was at the peak of its power, the antisemitic and future generalfeldmarschall and Hitler’s second-in-command made this promise to the German people:
“No enemy bomber can reach the Ruhr (valley). If one reaches the Ruhr, my name is not Göring. You may call me Meyer.”
⏤ Hermann Göring
September 1939
As Allied air forces increased their bombing activities over Berlin and the Ruhr Valley in early 1944, air raid sirens in the city were going off on a nightly basis. It didn’t take long for Berliners to begin calling the sirens, “Meyer’s Bugle.”
Did You Know?
Did you know that the last surviving female agent of the British-led Special Operations Executive (SOE) passed away in October 2023? Phyllis “Pippa” Latour, MBE (1921−2023) was born in South Africa to a French father and British mother. She spoke fluent English and French along with Arabic, Swahili, and Kikuyu. After war broke out, Phyllis joined the British Women’s Auxiliary Air Force (WAAF) and became a balloon operator and mechanic. In 1943 she applied to and was accepted by the SOE’s F Section. Dropped into Normandy, France in early May 1944 as a wireless operator, Phyllis (nom de guerre: Geneviève) was part of the D-Day underground support forces behind enemy lines and she was responsible for gathering and transmitting intelligence on German positions as well as landing sites for equipment air drops. Read More Meyer’s Bugle
On 8 May 1945, the Germans surrendered unconditionally thus ending the war in Europe. This day became known as “Victory in Europe Day” or simply, “VE Day” (Russia, Belarus, Serbia, and Israel celebrate VE Day on 9 May). So, the war was over, and everyone went home to promptly forget the nightmare of the past six years. Right? Well, not everyone.
Displaced families. Photo by anonymous (c. 1945).
When major conflicts end (e.g., the American Civil War), the tendency is for the participants to return to their previous lives and take up where they had left off. It was normal for them to “forget” about the tragic experiences of whatever conflict they had been involved in. Most of us know about the men and women returning from the Pacific and European theaters after the end of World War II. They were our parents, grandparents, or other relatives and most of them never spoke about their experiences ever again ⏤ all they wanted to do was get an education, marry, and go on with their lives.
Well, not everyone could go home or forget.
Did You Know?
Did you know that in France, there is no official state “Victory in Europe Day” or even a Liberation Day? Officially, they call it Victoire 1945. Unlike other European countries which were liberated on a single day (e.g., Netherlands on 5 May 1945), France was liberated town-by-town. So, each town or city would likely celebrate its own Liberation Day corresponding to the date it was liberated.
The utter devastation in Europe (the Pacific Theater was no different) at the end of the war meant that tens of millions of people were displaced, facing extreme hunger, and likely looking for shelter and their relatives. These people, both German as well as the former oppressed, could not go home and forget about the war. For these unfortunate people, the aftermath of World War II horrors continued for years. It is a story that has never received much attention and so, we all believe the war ended on 8 May and that was that.
The War’s Toll
Nearly forty million people died during World War II. More than half were non-combatant fatalities. Six million Jews were exterminated. Soviet deaths ⏤ military and civilian ⏤ are estimated to be between twenty-five and twenty-seven million. American deaths in the combined war theaters totaled around 420,000.
Dresden “Trümmerfrau” (Rubble Woman or Brick Lady) clearing Dresden of the bricks after the end of the war. Dresden was destroyed by Allied bombing and a devastating firestorm. Photo by anonymous (c. 1948). Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-H26824/CC-BY-SA 3.0. Wikimedia Commons.
What we call “collateral damage” today was huge. Food sources were cut in half and wouldn’t recover for years. Sixty percent of Yugoslavia’s roads were destroyed while the Netherlands lost the same percentage of its road, rail, and canal transport systems. Poland lost a third of its rail tracks and one-fifth of its roads while eighty-five percent of its rolling stock (i.e., trains) was destroyed. One fifth of all German living spaces were uninhabitable leaving twenty million of the country’s civilians homeless. The Soviet Union suffered the worse. Some seventy thousand villages, two thousand towns, and numerous cities were completely leveled. Thirty-two thousand factories were destroyed while forty thousand miles of rail track was decimated. Around twenty-five million Soviet citizens were without shelter.
Homeless
Millions of people were left homeless after the war. After returning to their cities, towns, and villages, they found utter destruction with nothing left. Adding to their misery, food was scarce and near starvation became a way of life. Families had been torn apart. It was thought that half of the European population was in transit at the end of the war.
Orphaned children. Photo by anonymous (c. 1945).
Also returning home were the surviving victims of the Nazi concentration, extermination, and forced labor camps. Approximately two thousand French soldiers were captured during the Battle of France in 1940 and now, the POWs were released to find their way back to France. Everyone shared three things in common: finding shelter, food, and trying to locate their families.
Refugee camps were initially established by nationality. “Displaced persons,” including Jewish survivors, were placed in these camps but it became apparent very quickly that former inmates were being housed with their former torturers. It was not until the fall of 1945 that President Truman ordered General Eisenhower to create separate facilities for the Jews and increase their rations. A concerted effort was made to identify the leaders in the refugee camps who, as General Patton stated, looked at Jews as “lower than animals.” These segregated camps remained open for three to five years because countries would not offer asylum to the survivors. Read More After VE Day
This book presents three detailed walking tours and numerous metro station oriented short walks that identified significant occupation locations. Each location on the walk is fully explained. In addition, the author uses many sidebars to provide additional supporting information. The appendix provides a wealth of additional information and pictures that the novice and well read Occupation scholar will find helpful. Whether your first exposure to the Occupation or one of many books you have read, this book is a must read prior to visiting Paris. The format and size of the book make it easy to carry in your carry-on luggage. The book is the first of a three volume set. I can’t wait to see the information to be presented in Volumes 2 & 3.
Patrick from Albuquerque.
Patrick Morrissey, Amazon customer
“Another outstanding, well-researched, and presented book by Stew Ross. It gives a detailed guided walking tour full of facts about the activities of the Gestapo during their occupation of Paris during World War II. I highly recommend this book to everyone who has an interest in what life was like during the Nazi occupation in France.”
Richard H.F. Neave, President Royal British Legion Paris branch, member Paris-based Libre Résistance SOE “F” Section and author of SOE: A Life in the Shadows
