In May 1945, several senior Gestapo officials made their way to Dahme, Schleswig-Holstein (northern Germany on the Bay of Lübeck) to prevent their arrest by the Allies. Officials at the British Field Security Post in Lübeck learned about these men and their hiding place from a captured Gestapo man. Immediately, British military police drove 31 miles to the Strandhotel and arrested five former Gestapo men ⏤ two officers and three NCOs. Taken back to Lübeck, the prisoners were turned over for interrogation at the city’s Marstall prison.
Strandhotel in Dahme, Schleswig-Holstein. Photo by Google Maps (date unknown).
One of those men was SS-Sturmbannführer and Kriminaldirektor, Horst Kopkow. At the time of his arrest, Kopkow was a relatively unknown Gestapo official but as time went on and the British interrogated former Gestapo men, Kopkow’s name kept being brought up. It turned out he was the department chief responsible for counterintelligence (i.e., arresting foreign agents), the German radio program known as “Funkspiel,” and well-regarded by his superiors for his knowledge of Soviet espionage.
After extensive official and unofficial investigations, it became clear that Kopkow was personally responsible for sanctioning the torture and ordering the executions of foreign agents of MI6 and the British-led Special Operations Executive (SOE). I’ve written before about Hitler’s “enablers” (click here to read the blog, Hitler’s Enablers – Part One – Wannsee Conference and here for Hitler’s Enablers – Part Two – The Camps). Kopkow was an enabler but as Stephen Tyas points out in his book (see below), the Gestapo chief was a “desktop murderer.” He never personally pulled the trigger or hanged a prisoner, but he signed the Sonder behandlung, or “Special treatment” orders from his Berlin desk. In the end, he escaped justice because of the protection provided by British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), or MI6.
Did You Know?
Did you know that one individual was responsible for preparing France for the invasion of Normandy (i.e., D-Day)? During World War II, Jean-Louis Crémieux-Brilhac (1917−2015) served as Gen. de Gaulle’s propaganda chief. As the preparations for the Normandy invasion intensified during early 1944, M. Crémieux-Brilhac was assigned the responsibility for telling French citizens how to react once the inevitable invasion took place and efforts to liberate France began. He was secretary of the Free French Propaganda Committee, and he drew up four pages of instructions to “all French men and women not organized in, or attached to, a Resistance group.” Those instructions were handed over to the French service of the BBC. Separate orders were drawn up for broadcast to members of the Maquis. (These were the famous “personal” messages read out on the BBC in advance of the invasion ⏤ click here to read the blog, Dah-Dah-Dah-Duh.)
Crémieux-Brilhac’s messages were directed to the population in general as well as specific instructions to mayors, police, factory workers, etc. The biggest disagreement about the “call-to-arms” was between the Communists and the Gaullists. Communist resistance fighters were very influential in the French Resistance, and they demanded an all-out insurrection (i.e., general worker strikes and armed insurrection) on the eventual day of the invasion. M. Crémieux-Brilhac and the majority resisted the Communists’ demands and the majority won.
The instructions to the French were that “all French must consider themselves as engaged in the total war against the invader in order to liberate their homeland.” He made it clear that the French were to consider themselves “all soldiers under orders” and “Every Frenchman who is not, or not yet, a fighter must consider himself an auxiliary to the fighters.” Citizens living within the Normandy combat zone were instructed to “disrupt using all means transport, transmissions, and communications of the Germans.”
Jean-Louis Crémieux-Brilhac. Photo by anonymous (date unknown).
After liberation, the original instruction documents were retained by M. Crémieux-Brilhac. Upon his death in 2015, the papers were donated to the French National Archives.
Let’s Meet Horst Kopkow
Horst Kopkow (1910−1996) was born in East Prussia, Germany (now Poland) as the sixth child of a businessman and hotel owner. His childhood city, Allenstein, was overrun by the Russian army during the first world war and two of his older brothers died in the trenches on the French battlefields. These memories heavily influenced his vision of Russia and later, the Soviet Union with Kopkow vowing to fight Communism the rest of his life. Read More Desktop Murderer & British Agent
A while ago, I wrote a blog about a French footballer who was a rather despicable human being (click here to read the blog, Les Bleus, Le Collabo et L’exécution). Today, we will discuss two other footballers, one was Norwegian while the other was German. During the interwar period, Asbjørn Halvorsen and Otto Fritz Harder played together for the same German football club in Hamburg.
Asbjørn Halvorsen (left) and Otto Harder (right). Photo by anonymous (date unknown). Halvorsen: Norway National Archives.
As we will see, during World War II, these two men were on different teams and one of them would be subjected to the brutality brought on by the other.
Did You Know?
Did you know that the Napoléonic Code prohibited women from owning businesses in France without the permission of their father or husband? There was one exemption: widows. This created a loophole for three champagnes many of us enjoy today: Veuve Clicquot, Champagne Pommery, and Champagne Bollinger. (The French word for widow is Veuve.)
Veuve Clicquot. Photo by David Adam Kess (15 June 2016). PD-CCA-Share Alike 4.0 International. Wikimedia Commons.
François Clicquot died in 1805 leaving his 27-year-old widow, Barbe-Nicole Clicquot-Ponsardin, with the responsibility of running the family’s small textile and wine business. Rather than selling the business and retiring to the salons, Barbe-Nicole asked her father-in-law for a rather substantial amount of money to expand the business. Remarkably, he agreed. Champagne had a rather dubious reputation at the time since it was the preferred drink at parties thrown by the royals and nobility. (You can imagine some of the outcomes.) So, Barbe-Nicole decided to add “Veuve” to the name of the champagne. Doing so gave the champagne a certain amount of dignity thus overcoming the debauchery image. She grew the business but, on several occasions, it almost reached the point of bankruptcy. One such instance occurred in 1814 during the Napoléonic Wars when many European borders, including Russia, were closed. Barbe-Nicole decided to run the Russian blockade because she knew if her champagne got into Russia before her arch-competitor, Jean-Remy Moët, Veuve Clicquot would become the dominant player in that space. It was a huge risk because of the weather and possible confiscation of the inventory. However, everything went as planned and within ninety-days, Barbe-Nicole’s champagne was king. She became known in Russia as the “Widow.” Barbe-Nicole went on to become an innovative winemaker and extremely successful.
Portrait of Madame Clicquot and her great-granddaughter. Painting by Léon Cogniet (c. 1860−1862). Château de Brissac. PD-Author’s life plus 100 years or fewer. Wikimedia Commons.
In 1858, Louise Pommery’s husband died, and she took over Pommery et Greno, the champagne house her deceased husband co-founded two years earlier. While Barbe-Nicole conquered the Russian market, Louise set her sights on England. Champagne was very sweet with a high sugar content. Louise knew the English had a palette for a drier taste, so she modified the formula in 1874 to create a dry, fresh, and lively taste. It was a hit, and her brut champagne took over the English market.
Jacques Bollinger passed away in 1941 and his widow, Lily Bollinger, took over Bollinger Champagne. By the mid-1960s, Lily developed new techniques and a “new” champagne was born. Today, Bollinger is one of the most sought-after champagnes.
None of these pioneering women remarried. It is likely their choice was based on the fact they would lose their independence, legal status, and be required to turn the business over to their new husband. Gen. Charles de Gaulle gave French women the right to vote but it wasn’t until 1965 that they were granted full rights to employment, banking, and asset management.
Let’s Meet Asbjørn Halvorsen
Asbjørn Halvorsen (1899−1955) was born in Sarpsborg, Norway. He eventually became a ship broker in Hamburg, Germany and married a German woman. However, Asbjørn is best remembered for his football career, both in Norway and Germany. What is forgotten (or not spoken about) are the years he spent in Nazi concentration camps.
While living in Norway, the 18-year-old played center-half for Sarpsborg FK, a Norwegian professional football club. He starred at Sarpsborg FK for five years before moving to Germany and playing for Hamburg Sport-Verein, a German professional football club that won the German league in 1923 and 1928. Beginning in 1918, Asbjørn played for and captained the Norwegian national football team, accumulating nineteen caps (i.e., international appearances). His nineteenth and last international game for Norway was in 1923, coincidentally, against Germany in Hamburg.
The Norwegian national football team at the 1920 Olympics. Asbjørn Halvorsen is standing, fourth from right. Photo by anonymous (29 August 1920). Anders Beer Wilse/Norwegian Museum of Cultural History. PD-Norway50. Wikimedia Commons.Hamburger S.V. football club. Holding the wreath are Otto Harder (left) and Asbjørn Halvorsen (right). Photo by anonymous (date unknown). https://www.vg.no
Returning to Norway in 1933, Halvorsen worked for the Norwegian Football Association (NFF). This position required him to head up the national team’s selection committee (players and coaches) and in the years prior to World War II, Halvorsen was the coach of Norway’s national team. Under his leadership, Norway won the bronze medal at the 1936 Olympics (held in Berlin) and qualified for the 1938 World Cup (the last world tournament until 1950). It wouldn’t be until 1994 that Norway would qualify for another World Cup.
Let’s Meet Otto Fritz Harder
Otto Fritz (“Tull”) Harder (1892−1956) was born in Braunschweig, Germany. Like many other talented athletes, Otto was discovered early on for his football talents. He played for Eintracht Braunschweig, the main football club in the city, between 1909 and 1912. Although a very popular player with the fans, Otto did not get much playing time and in 1912, signed with the Hamburger Sport-Verein club and played there until 1931. Otto’s last professional football club was Victoria Hamburg where he retired in 1934. Otto accumulated fifteen caps playing for the German national team between 1914 and 1926.
Hamburger S.V. (HSV) was formed in 1887 and is the only team to play in the modern Bundesliga league since its inception in 1963. The club played in the top tier until the team was relegated to Bundesliga 2 after a disastrous 2017-2018 season. Ever since 1977 Hamburger S.V. has had a close affiliation with the Rangers, a top-tier Scottish football club. HSV’s fans visited Ranger games and modeled their new fan club on the Rangers’s fan club.
The logo of the Hamburger S.V. football club. Photo by anonymous (c. 2011). Hamburger S.V. PD-Does not meet the threshold of originality. Wikimedia Commons.
Interwar Period
Just before Halvorsen retired from HSV, a testimonial game was held to honor his time with the club. When the Nazi salute was ordered, Halvorsen was the only member of the team to keep his arm at his side. Three years later, Halvorsen and his national team were in Berlin’s Poststadion for the quarterfinals of the 1936 Olympics against Hitler’s German national team. As Hitler watched (and fumed), Norway beat the Germans 2 to 0 and days later, won their first and only international football award, the bronze medal. (Norway went on to lose to Italy, the eventual winner of the gold medal.)
Adolf Hitler (center wearing military cap), Joseph Goebbels (to Hitler’s immediate right), and senior Nazi officials attending the quarter-final of the 1936 Olympic games in Berlin. They are watching Norway play Germany. Norway won 2-0 and Hitler stormed out of the stadium. Photo by anonymous (c. Summer 1936).
On a September day in 1933, Halvorsen was standing on the rail platform at the Hamburg train station waiting to board his rail car for the journey back to Norway. Harder was rushing to the station to say goodbye to his former teammate. Halvorsen was a very creative footballer and responsible for many of Tull’s clinical finishes into the back of the net. Tull wanted very much to see his old friend off to thank him and wish him well for the next phase of his life. Germany was in the early stage of the Third Reich and neither man knew the horrors that awaited them and the world.
While Halvorsen continued his football career albeit in coaching and administration, Harder joined the Nazi party in 1932 and the following year, joined the Schutzstaffel (SS). Originally formed as Hitler’s bodyguard unit, the SS became one of the Nazis’ instruments of terror along with the Gestapo and Sicherheitsdienst. The SS was responsible for running the concentration and extermination camps, the Einsatzgruppen mobile death squads, and the wholescale massacres of civilians. After the war, the SS was declared a criminal organization and its members, including Otto Harder, were automatically deemed to be criminals due to the crimes against humanity they committed.
World War II and Occupation
Harder’s first assignment in the SS was guarding inmates at KZ Sachsenhausen, north of Berlin. In 1939, he was transferred to KZ Neuengamme where he worked in the main camp as an administrator.
On 8/9 April 1940, the German army invaded Norway. The Norwegian royal family fled to London to form a government-in-exile. The German occupying forces were commanded by Gen. Nikolaus von Falkenhorst (1885−1968) and quickly demanded that the Football Association capitulate to German control. Halvorsen wrote a letter of protest to German high command and later that year, he tried to prevent Nazi flags from being flown at the Norwegian Cup final. Under Halvorsen’s leadership, sports organizations went underground and became important resistance groups. Their activities included boycotts and sabotage. Unfortunately, Halvorsen’s activities eventually caught up to him.
KZ Neuengamme
In August 1942, a small basement in an Oslo building was raided and searched by the Germans. They found a printing press used to publish resistance newspapers. It was a resistance operation supported by Halvorsen and he was immediately arrested. For one year, the former footballer was imprisoned in Bærum, Norway at the Grini detention camp, but he knew eventual deportation to Germany would be his fate.
Grini was a Nazi concentration camp located outside Oslo, Norway. Photo by anonymous (c. 1941). Royal Norwegian Information Service. PD-U.S. Government. Wikimedia Commons.
His premonition was correct. Deported under Hitler’s directive, Nacht und Nebel, Halvorsen arrived at KZ Natzweiler-Struthof in France (click here to read the blog, Night and Fog). As a prisoner under the Nacht und Nebel directive (NN), Halvorsen was to be killed without any leaving any trace of his existence. Natzweiler was one of the primary destinations for NN prisoners and it was a camp where inmates were expected to die from abuse and overwork in the quarry. Only about 266 of the 504 Norwegian prisoners at Natzweiler survived and Halvorsen was one of them. As a former footballer on a German club team, many of the guards remembered Halvorsen and extended special treatment (which he shared with other inmates).
In August 1944, Otto Harder was promoted to SS-Untersturmführer (i.e., second lieutenant) and given command of KZ Hannover-Stöcken (Continental), a subcamp of KZ Neuengamme. This subcamp was established for the purpose of providing forced labor to Continental-Grummiwer AG, a rubber factory located in Stöken. Harder commanded sixty SS men at the camp and he was directly responsible for the inhumane living conditions and brutal treatment of the prisoners including executions. It is believed that about four hundred prisoners died at the Stöcken subcamp. On 30 November 1944, Harder was ordered to evacuate the camp and move everything to KZ Hannover-Ahlem, another Neuengamme subcamp located about three miles from Stöken. This time, the camp’s inmates were supplied to the local sugar factory as forced labor.
KZ Hannover-Stöcken concentration camp, a subcamp of KZ Neuengamme. Photo by anonymous (c. April 1945).
In September 1944, Halvorsen was relocated to KZ Neckarelz I, a subcamp of Natzweiler. The prisoners were housed in a former school building and forced to work in the nearby gypsum mines for the Daimler-Benz company. The following April, Halvorsen was transferred once again. He arrived at Neuengamme on the outskirts of Hamburg but his old teammate, Otto Harder, had left his position only a few months earlier. By this time, Halvorsen was very sick and fighting famine, epidemic typhus, pneumonia, and other illnesses. The evacuation of Neuengamme’s subcamps began in March 1945 with prisoners forced to march to other concentration camps. The main camp was evacuated on 2 May 1945 and the next day, British troops arrived at the camp. Despite the SS trying to destroy incriminating evidence, the documented death toll at Neuengamme was more than forty-two thousand in addition to the thousands of atrocities (including medical experiments on children) committed at the camp by the Nazis.
The elementary school in Neckarelz used as part of the concentration subcamp. Photo by Heuberger (date unknown).
Postwar
Harder was arrested by the Allies and became one of the defendants in the Curio-Haus Trial between 16 April and 6 May 1947. As the former commander of KZ Hannover-Ahlem, Harder was charged by the British military tribunal in Hamburg with crimes against humanity. He was found guilty and sentenced to fifteen years in prison. Harder only served four years in Werl prison before being released. He died about five years later. It is unlikely that Harder and Halvorsen ever saw one another again after their farewell meeting on the rail station platform in 1933.
Otto Harder’s mug shot after his arrest. Photo by anonymous (c. 1947). National Archives. PD-Expired copyright. Wikimedia Commons.Sick prisoners left behind at the Ahlem concentration camp. They escaped the death march and are seen smiling on the day the camp was liberated by American troops. Photo by anonymous (10 April 1945). United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. PD-U.S. Government.Entrance to Werl Prison located in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, east of Dortmund, Germany. The prison was populated with more than 5,300 French POWs when it was liberated on 7 April 1945. The prison was used by the British to house Nazi war criminals after their convictions of war crimes and crimes against humanity. The last two former Nazi inmates were released in 1957. Photo by anonymous (c. 1940s).
Halvorsen was rescued by the Red Cross in April 1945. The Norwegian patriot was so weak that he could not be transported by the buses. Halvorsen did survive and made his way to Oslo in late May where he continued his recuperation. A year after his release, he was interviewed and said, “Starving is the cruelest thing. The sucking in the stomach is nearly unbearable and we did the most incredible things to numb the ache.”
Asbjørn Halvorsen returned as the Norwegian Football Association’s general secretary and is credited with setting up a new league system. Halvorsen traveled with the national team to Hamburg where they were to play the German team in a qualifying match for the 1954 World Cup. By then, most of the former Nazis convicted of war crimes or crimes against humanity had been released from prison.
Studio portrait of Asbjørn Halvorsen. Photo by Sjøwall (date unknown).
Halvorsen died in June 1955 suffering from the aftereffects of his time in the Nazi camps. Torture, maltreatment, and typhus likely caught up to him at the young age of fifty-six. Otto Harder was one of the enablers of the process that contributed to his former friend and teammate’s death.
“We shouldn’t mix up forgiving or forgetting.”
⏤ Jurgen Kowalewski
Retired history teacher
Next Blog: “The Marvelous Madame Hamelin”
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Megargee, Geoffrey P. (Editor). Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933−1945. Volume 1, Part B. Bloomington: Indiana University Press (Published in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum), 2009.
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What’s New With Sandy and Stew?
Sandy and I recently returned from a wonderful week sailing the canals and rivers in the Netherlands and Belgium. We visited Keukenhof (the famous tulip park), the museum dedicated to the 1953 flood and subsequent Delta Works, and beautiful towns such as Hoorn, Antwerp, and Bruges. While in Antwerp, we came across an excellent restaurant located next to the cathedral. It’s easy to miss but Elfde Gebod is well worth skipping your ship’s lunch. The atmosphere is eclectic (the building dates to early 15th-century), the service is awesome and best of all, the food is superb. Both Sandy and I had the asparagus soup to start followed by mussels and Belgian fries (don’t call them French fries). Like many other Belgian restaurants, the choices of beers were staggering. Get there early because it is very popular with the locals. I have listed their contact information in the recommended reading section.
Sandy Ross ordering lunch at Elfde Gebod Restaurant.Interior of Elfde Gebod Restaurant.
More on our trip in subsequent blogs.
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I’d like to thank Anne-Marie E. for contacting us regarding our blog, The Marcel Network (click here to read the blog). Anne-Marie’s husband was one of the children saved by Odette and Moussa Abadi from certain death. It is always interesting to hear from the families of the people I write about. Their personal stories always add an additional dimension.
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Do you enjoy reading? Do you have a hard time finding the right book in the genre you enjoy? Well, Ben at Shepherd.com has come up with an amazing way to find that book.
Shepherd highlights an author (like me) and one of their books (in our case, it is Where Did They Put the Gestapo Headquarters?). The author is required to review five books in the same genre. So, if a reader is interested say in cooking, they can drill down and find specific books about cooking that have been reviewed by authors in that category. Very simple.
If you like to read, I highly recommend you visit Shepherd.com. If you do, please let me know what you think and I will forward Ben any suggestions or comments you might have.
“Informative and entertaining, Stew Ross’ newest work evokes a difficult and frightening time in the history of the City of Light. The detailed descriptions of sites such as the Vél’ d’hiv’ or Gestapo headquarters reminds us of the choices people made during those years.”
Cynthia Bisson, PhD, Professor of History, Belmont University, French Resistant Expert
Lavishly illustrated, gripping guide to the Paris that existed under Nazi rule.
This is a fantastic new book that provides extensive information for both those planning a trip and for armchair historians. While there are are walks that take you past famous places made infamous by Nazi rule, there is also a lot of detailed information. Stew Ross provides details about many topics that are not necessarily popular, including anti-semitism and collaboration. Photos add poignancy. Paris is haunted by its past, and these pages show you exactly why. The days of the Occupation and the Resistance are not that distant.
