Tag: P-51 Mustang

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Meyer’s Bugle

By 1944, the war wasn’t going well for Hitler and his military. In fact, a year earlier, people began reaching the conclusion that Germany might eventually lose the war. How was it that within less than five years after conquering almost all of Europe that Hitler’s armies, navy, and air force were on a downward spiral toward defeat? There were many reasons including what historians now chalk up to the Führer’s military decisions that were huge strategic mistakes. However, during the early years of World War II, it seemed as though the German juggernaut was invincible and leading the pack was Hermann Göring’s Luftwaffe (i.e., the German air force).

Göring was so confident of his pilots and planes and their supremacy in the sky that he vowed Germany would never be bombed. Addressing the Luftwaffe when the German air force was at the peak of its power, the antisemitic and future generalfeldmarschall and Hitler’s second-in-command made this promise to the German people:

“No enemy bomber can reach the Ruhr (valley). If one reaches the Ruhr, my name is not Göring. You may call me Meyer.”

⏤ Hermann Göring

      September 1939

As Allied air forces increased their bombing activities over Berlin and the Ruhr Valley in early 1944, air raid sirens in the city were going off on a nightly basis. It didn’t take long for Berliners to begin calling the sirens, “Meyer’s Bugle.”

Did You Know?

Did you know that the last surviving female agent of the British-led Special Operations Executive (SOE) passed away in October 2023? Phyllis “Pippa” Latour, MBE (1921−2023) was born in South Africa to a French father and British mother. She spoke fluent English and French along with Arabic, Swahili, and Kikuyu. After war broke out, Phyllis joined the British Women’s Auxiliary Air Force (WAAF) and became a balloon operator and mechanic. In 1943 she applied to and was accepted by the SOE’s F Section. Dropped into Normandy, France in early May 1944 as a wireless operator, Phyllis (nom de guerre: Geneviève) was part of the D-Day underground support forces behind enemy lines and she was responsible for gathering and transmitting intelligence on German positions as well as landing sites for equipment air drops. Read More Meyer’s Bugle

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Test of Medal: Montford Point Camp

Much has been written about the 200,000 African American soldiers who served in the Union army during the Civil War. They were called United States Colored Troops, or USCTs. The last day of the Battle of Nashville (16 December 1864) saw the Confederate troops take up three primary positions south of the city: on the eastern or right flank were Lee’s Corps. They positioned themselves on Peach Orchard Hill. The center and left flanks were, respectively, along Granny White Pike and on top of Compton Hill (now known as Shy’s Hill). About 4:00 p.m., the Union troops under the command of Beatty and Steedman attacked Peach Orchard Hill. The fiercest fighting occurred when the trailing regiment in the 2nd Colored Brigade of Steedman’s division, the 13th United States Colored Troops, attacked the hill. The USCT regiment won the battle and forced the Confederate troops to retreat south along Franklin Pike. Gen. Hood resigned his position within weeks and the Confederate Army of Tennessee was absorbed into other Confederate units by February 1865.  The Union regiment lost 220 men in the attack⏤about 40% of their strength. Documentation by Confederate generals revealed their admiration for the USCT and their bravery. They never expected the African American soldiers to fight so strongly.

More people are likely aware of the Tuskegee Airmen, or “The Red Tails” (the Mustang P-51 tails were painted red). This was a unit comprised solely of African American airmen of the United States Army Air Corps. It was during a time when the United States armed services were segregated and African American army soldiers were relegated to combat support assignments (e.g., as cooks, quartermaster, and grave digging). There were 992 Tuskegee pilots (sixty-eight killed-in-action and thirty-two became POWs). They flew a total of 1,578 combat missions destroying 262 enemy aircraft and 179 bomber escort missions. These men were awarded the Distinguished Unit Citations on three separate occasions. Other awards included one Silver Star, ninety-six Distinguished Flying Crosses, fourteen Bronze Stars, and 744 Air Medals. One of the pilots, second lieutenant Daniel “Chappie” James, Jr. (1920−1978) stayed in the Air Force and became the first African American four-star general in the United States armed forces.

Gen. Daniel “Chappie” James, Jr., United States Air Force. Photo by anonymous (date unknown). PD-U.S. Government. Wikimedia Commons.
Gen. Daniel “Chappie” James, Jr., United States Air Force. Photo by anonymous (date unknown). PD-U.S. Government. Wikimedia Commons.
Tuskegee (Red Tail) P-51 Mustang on the airport ramp. Photo by RadioFan (14 April 2012). PD-GNU Free Documentation License. Wikimedia Commons.
Tuskegee (Red Tail) P-51 Mustang on the airport ramp. Photo by RadioFan (14 April 2012). PD-GNU Free Documentation License. Wikimedia Commons.

Our story today revolves around another African American military unit during World War II. This time, it involves the segregated United States Marine Corps (USMC).

Despite President Roosevelt issuing Executive Order 8802 in June 1941 prohibiting discrimination in the armed services based on “color, race, creed, or national origin,” it wouldn’t be until July 1948 when President Truman signed Executive Order 9981 ordering all of the United States military services to desegregate. Read More Test of Medal: Montford Point Camp