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Thirty-Six Days and Counting

Today is the 76th anniversary of Operation Neptune or D-Day as it’s commonly known. Neptune was the designated code name for the beach landings. The correct name for the overall invasion of Europe was Operation Overlord.

I’m sure the media and political focus on D-Day will be somewhat muted compared to last year’s anniversary. This year, the attention will be on the 75th anniversary of the end of the war (both VE and VJ days) and the liberations of the occupied countries and concentration camps. Much has been written about the hours leading up to launching the invasion, the experiences of the men during the early morning hours, the eventual success of driving the Germans back, and subsequent breakouts from the beaches. However, one aspect of the invasion seems to get scant, if any, attention.

Allied invasion planners. From left to right: General Bradley, Admiral Ramsay, Air Chief Marshal Tedder, General Eisenhower, General Montgomery, Air Chief Marshal Leigh-Mallory, and General Smith. Photo by anonymous (c. 1944). PD-Expired Copyright. Wikimedia Commons.
Allied invasion planners. From left to right: General Bradley, Admiral Ramsay, Air Chief Marshal Tedder, General Eisenhower, General Montgomery, Air Chief Marshal Leigh-Mallory, and General Smith. Photo by anonymous (c. 1944). PD-Expired Copyright. Wikimedia Commons.

What about the events during the thirty-six days prior to 6 June 1944? I’m specifically referring to the behind the scenes at General Dwight D. Eisenhower’s SHAEF headquarters from 1 May 1944 up to the morning of the invasion. I’ll highlight some of the interesting events that took place on a day-by-day basis leading up to the men landing in Normandy.


Did You Know?

Did you know that it wasn’t until the 1990s that the United States Army determined that African American soldiers during World War II had been denied consideration for the Medal of Honor because of their race?

The day after Christmas 1944, First Lieutenant John R. Fox (1915-1944) of the 92nd Infantry Division – known as the Buffalo Soldiers – saw action in an Italian village. He was part of a small observation squad which volunteered to stay behind as the Germans began to overrun the village. From his position inside a stone tower, Lt. Fox directed the defensive artillery fire on the incoming Wehrmacht forces. At one point, he ordered the artillery to direct its fire on his position. Told by the artillery team the incoming onslaught would kill him, Lt. Fox’s last order was, “Fire it!” Lt. Fox’s sacrifice gave the American forces enough time to regroup, counterattack, and retake the village.

Lt. John R. Fox. Photo by anonymous (date unknown).
Lt. John R. Fox. Photo by anonymous (date unknown).
Destroyed tower which served as the lookout post for Lt. Fox. Photo by anonymous (c. 1945).
Destroyed tower which served as the lookout post for Lt. Fox. Photo by anonymous (c. 1945).

Lt. Fox and six other African Americans were awarded the Medal of Honor on 12 January 1997. Six of the medals were awarded posthumously with Lt. Fox’s widow accepting the honor on his behalf. The citizens of the village of Sommocolonia, Italy erected a monument after the war. It is dedicated to nine men killed during the battle: eight Italian soldiers and Lt. John R. Fox.


1 May 1944

It was the first week in May when the final plan for Neptune was agreed upon. The initial date of the invasion, 1 May 1944, had earlier been postponed by General Eisenhower (1890-1969) and Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery (1887-1976) after they decided to expand the original invasion plan drafted in August 1943 to include five rather than three divisions for the landings, an additional three airborne divisions, and extra landing craft. The revised plan also included specific goals for post-Neptune operations beginning with the break-out from the beaches.

In the months preceding the invasion, elaborate efforts were made to deceive the Germans about the actual landing location. This was called Operation Bodyguard and it was a complete success (Click here to read The Double Cross System). The final plans designated the lodgment or, landing area to be the beaches between the Seine and Loire rivers rather than Pas-de-Calais where Hitler and Rommel were convinced Allied troops would land.

Map of Normandy Breakout, 1 August – 13 August 1944. Photo and map by anonymous (date unknown).
Map of Normandy Breakout, 1 August – 13 August 1944. Photo and map by anonymous (date unknown).

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Operation Long Jump

Do you remember the 1971 fictional story, The Jackal, written by Frederick Forsyth? It was about an assassination attempt on General Charles de Gaulle and based on the actual 1962 unsuccessful attempt on the general’s life. Today’s story takes place less than twenty years earlier during World War II however, this time, the assassination targets were the Allied leaders, commonly known as the “Big Three.”

The Allied “Big Three” at the Tehran Conference: Stalin (left), Roosevelt (center), and Churchill (right). Photo by U.S. Government (c. November 1943). PD-U.S. Government. Wikimedia Commons.
The Allied “Big Three” at the Tehran Conference: Stalin (left), Roosevelt (center), and Churchill (right). Photo by U.S. Government (c. November 1943). PD-U.S. Government. Wikimedia Commons.

Did You Know?

Did you know that twenty-two percent of Millennials surveyed several years ago knew nothing about the Holocaust and an amazing sixty-six percent of them had never heard of Auschwitz? Frankly, I find those statistics to be unbelievable and clearly, it is a sad commentary on our education system. I’m the first one to stand up for teaching more of the three R’s (reading, writing, and arithmetic). However, I cannot comprehend that we ignore teaching our children about the Nazis and the twelve years of their systematic murder of eleven million people. Aren’t there some very important basic and fundamental lessons here to be learned?

We will very shortly reach the time when the last World War II participant dies. This is true of Nazi concentration camp and extermination camp survivors. When these people are gone, who will tell their stories to future generations? Allied troops demanded General Eisenhower tour the liberated Buchenwald Ohrdruf concentration camp (the first camp liberated by the Americans). Eisenhower was so appalled that he ordered photographers to come in and document the atrocities. The general later said that one of the reasons he ordered photographic documentation was to prevent future generations from being able to deny the Nazis’ crimes.

General Dwight Eisenhower at Buchenwald Ohrdruf Concentration Camp
General Dwight Eisenhower (center) and high-ranking officers view the charred remains of prisoners who were burned during the Nazi evacuation of Buchenwald Ohrdruf concentration camp. Photo by Colonel Meches (12 April 1945). United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Courtesy of National Archives and Records Administration, College Park. PD-U.S. Government. Wikimedia Commons.

When Sandy and I toured the former Nazi rally grounds at Nuremburg, we had the opportunity to visit the nearby museum. There were no attempts to whitewash what the Germans and the Nazis did during the twelve years of the Third Reich. The museum was organized in such a way as to take you through the journey of how and why these events evolved. The museum is considered so important that after a young man or woman enters the German military, they are immediately required by law to take a tour of this museum.

Thirty-years ago, Jack was a client of mine and he was a brilliant businessman who lost some of his family during the Holocaust. One day on the way out to see his new manufacturing facility, we had a discussion about the Holocaust. At some point, I mentioned it was so horrific that it could never happen again. Jack slammed on the brakes and once he pulled the car over to the side of the road, he turned to me and sternly said, “Stew, don’t you ever think something like this couldn’t happen again. It can and it will should the right circumstances and people present themselves. We must study how and why this happened because that is the only way we have any hope of preventing it again.”

The creation of Holocaust museums and memorials were driven primarily by Holocaust survivors. Education programs have relied on first-hand stories from these survivors. When these people are gone, who will step up and ensure no one ever forgets?

Forgive but never forget.


The Tehran Conference

The Tehran Conference was the first of the major meetings involving the “Big Three” (United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union). Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met in the Soviet Embassy in Tehran between 28 November and 1 December 1943. Despite different agendas, the primary outcome was agreement that a second front would be established against the Nazis in May 1944. This was a “win” for Stalin who had been pushing for this since the Nazis had invaded the Soviet Union in mid-1941. The second front would divert German troops away from the east. One of the overriding factors of the conference was the security of the three Allied leaders. The night before the meetings began, Stalin’s right-hand man, Vyacheslov Molotov, informed British and American representatives that an assassination plot against the Big Three leaders had been uncovered. A Soviet agent, Nikolai Kuznetzov (1911-1944), working undercover while posing as a Wehrmacht officer had been tipped off by a German officer who had had a little too much to drink. Click here to watch the video The Big Three in Teheran (1943).

Roosevelt (left), Churchill (center), and Stalin (right) at dinner during the Tehran Conference. Photo by anonymous (c. November 1943). ©️ IWM via Getty Images.
Roosevelt (left), Churchill (center), and Stalin (right) at dinner during the Tehran Conference. Photo by anonymous (c. November 1943). ©️ IWM via Getty Images.

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